{
 "name": "Worldwide AI regulation register",
 "publisher": "Artificial Intelligence Regulations",
 "url": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/data/register.json",
 "updated": "2026-07-28",
 "note": "Status reflects binding law as of the review date on each entry. Verify against the linked primary source before relying on an entry. This is a reference resource, not legal advice.",
 "jurisdictions": [
  {
   "slug": "argentina",
   "name": "Argentina",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "No AI law; guidance and hearings, momentum without a vehicle",
   "penalties": "Data protection enforcement through the AAIP. No AI-specific penalties.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/argentina.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Personal Data Protection Law (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Law 25.326",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since 2000",
     "primary_source": "https://fpf.org/blog/ai-regulation-in-latin-america-overview-and-emerging-trends-in-key-proposals/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "australia",
   "name": "Australia",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "No AI act; existing laws plus voluntary guidance, by explicit choice",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalties. Exposure runs through the Privacy Act, Australian Consumer Law, and sectoral statutes, each with its own enforcement regime.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/australia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "National AI Plan",
     "citation": "Australian Government, December 2025",
     "status": "No comprehensive law",
     "effective": "Policy in effect from December 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://consult.industry.gov.au/ai-mandatory-guardrails"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "brazil",
   "name": "Brazil",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Comprehensive EU-style bill advancing through the legislature",
   "penalties": "The bill proposes administrative penalties and a civil-liability regime; specifics depend on the final enacted text.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/brazil.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI Bill (Marco Legal da IA)",
     "citation": "PL 2338/2023",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet enacted",
     "primary_source": "https://www25.senado.leg.br/web/atividade/materias/-/materia/157233"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "canada",
   "name": "Canada",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Lapsed / failed",
   "approach": "Proposed federal act lapsed; voluntary code plus provincial rules",
   "penalties": "No federal AI-specific penalties. Privacy regulators and provincial statutes provide the enforcement backstop.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/canada.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Artificial Intelligence and Data Act (AIDA)",
     "citation": "Part of Bill C-27 (44th Parliament)",
     "status": "Lapsed / failed",
     "effective": "Never in force; lapsed Jan 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.parl.ca/legisinfo/en/bill/44-1/c-27"
    },
    {
     "name": "Voluntary Code of Conduct on Advanced Generative AI",
     "citation": "ISED, 2023",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Voluntary",
     "primary_source": "https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/ised/en"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "chile",
   "name": "Chile",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "EU-inspired risk-based bill in Congress; updated national policy",
   "penalties": "None AI-specific until the bill passes.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/chile.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI bill (risk-based)",
     "citation": "Boletín in the National Congress",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://fpf.org/blog/ai-regulation-in-latin-america-overview-and-emerging-trends-in-key-proposals/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "china",
   "name": "China",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Extensive binding sectoral rules; no single comprehensive act",
   "penalties": "Enforcement runs through the CAC and sector authorities under the Cybersecurity Law, Data Security Law, and Personal Information Protection Law. Sanctions include service suspension, takedowns, fines, and, after the 2026 Cybersecurity Law amendment, more immediate penalties for serious breaches.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/china.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Interim Measures for the Management of Generative AI Services",
     "citation": "CAC and six agencies; effective August 15, 2023",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "August 15, 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/generative-ai-interim/",
     "effective_iso": "2023-08-15"
    },
    {
     "name": "Measures for Labeling AI-Generated and Synthetic Content",
     "citation": "CAC, effective September 1, 2025; standard GB 45438-2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "September 1, 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/ai-labeling/",
     "effective_iso": "2025-09-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Deep Synthesis Provisions",
     "citation": "Provisions on Deep Synthesis Internet Information Services (2022)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 10, 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/deep-synthesis/",
     "effective_iso": "2023-01-10"
    },
    {
     "name": "Recommendation Algorithm Provisions",
     "citation": "Provisions on Algorithmic Recommendation (2021)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "March 1, 2022",
     "primary_source": "https://www.chinalawtranslate.com/en/algorithms/",
     "effective_iso": "2022-03-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "colombia",
   "name": "Colombia",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Three bills in play; policy framework set, no law",
   "penalties": "Data protection enforcement through the SIC. No AI-specific penalties.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/colombia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI bills (multiple)",
     "citation": "Congress of Colombia, pending",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://fpf.org/blog/ai-regulation-in-latin-america-overview-and-emerging-trends-in-key-proposals/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "council-of-europe",
   "name": "Council of Europe",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "International",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "First binding international AI treaty (framework convention)",
   "penalties": "No direct penalties; obligations are implemented and enforced through each party's national legal system.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/council-of-europe.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence",
     "citation": "Council of Europe, CETS No. 225 (2024)",
     "status": "Partially in force",
     "effective": "Opened for signature Sep 5, 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/the-framework-convention-on-artificial-intelligence"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "egypt",
   "name": "Egypt",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Africa",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Strategy and charter; data protection law binds, no AI act",
   "penalties": "Data-protection sanctions under Law 151/2020. No AI-specific penalties.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/egypt.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Personal Data Protection Law (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Law No. 151 of 2020; executive regulations, Decree 816/2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Executive regulations phased from 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://verifywise.ai/blog/ai-regulation-middle-east"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "european-union",
   "name": "European Union",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Europe",
   "status": "Phasing in",
   "approach": "Comprehensive, horizontal, risk-based statute",
   "penalties": "Up to EUR 35 million or 7% of worldwide annual turnover for prohibited practices; up to EUR 15 million or 3% for most other breaches; up to EUR 7.5 million or 1% for supplying incorrect information. The higher figure applies.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/european-union.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "EU Artificial Intelligence Act",
     "citation": "Regulation (EU) 2024/1689",
     "status": "Phasing in",
     "effective": "In force Aug 1, 2024; phased to 2028",
     "primary_source": "https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1689/oj"
    },
    {
     "name": "Digital Omnibus on AI (AI Act simplification)",
     "citation": "2025 Commission proposal; political agreement May 7, 2026; adopted mid-2026",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Adopted mid-2026",
     "primary_source": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
    },
    {
     "name": "Code of Practice on marking and labelling AI-generated content",
     "citation": "Published June 10, 2026",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Supports Article 50 from Aug 2, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "hong-kong",
   "name": "Hong Kong",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "No AI law; dense sectoral guidance, hardest in finance",
   "penalties": "PDPO enforcement for data-protection breaches; supervisory action for regulated financial institutions.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/hong-kong.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "PDPO and PCPD AI frameworks (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance, Cap. 486",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Ordinance in force; AI framework published 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/hong-kong"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "india",
   "name": "India",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Principles-based guidelines plus targeted synthetic-media rules",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalty regime; enforcement runs through IT law and data-protection law.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/india.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "India AI Governance Guidelines",
     "citation": "MeitY guidelines",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Guidance, non-binding",
     "primary_source": "https://www.meity.gov.in/"
    },
    {
     "name": "IT Rules amendments on synthetic media (draft)",
     "citation": "Draft amendments to the IT Rules",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Draft",
     "primary_source": "https://www.meity.gov.in/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "indonesia",
   "name": "Indonesia",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Roadmap and ethics guidance; binding rules in development",
   "penalties": "UU PDP administrative sanctions and, for serious violations, criminal provisions. No AI-specific penalties yet.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/indonesia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Personal Data Protection Law (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Law No. 27 of 2022 (UU PDP)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Fully effective October 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://www.pertamapartners.com/insights/ai-regulations-asia-pacific-guide"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "israel",
   "name": "Israel",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Middle East",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Deliberately decentralized: sectoral regulators, soft law, no AI act",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalties. Privacy Protection Authority enforcement and sectoral sanctions apply on their ordinary terms.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/israel.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "National AI Regulation and Ethics Policy",
     "citation": "Ministry of Innovation, Science and Technology, December 2023",
     "status": "No comprehensive law",
     "effective": "Policy in effect from December 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-REG-MENA-SUMMARY-2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "japan",
   "name": "Japan",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Innovation-first framework law; light-touch and non-punitive",
   "penalties": "No significant punitive penalties; the government relies on guidance, cooperation duties, and publicity.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/japan.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Act on the Promotion of Research, Development and Utilization of AI (AI Promotion Act)",
     "citation": "Enacted May 28, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "kenya",
   "name": "Kenya",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Africa",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "AI Bill tabled 2026: classification, high-risk duties, and a register",
   "penalties": "Data Protection Act enforcement applies now; the bill's penalty structure will be set in the legislative process.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/kenya.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Artificial Intelligence Bill",
     "citation": "Tabled February 2026",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://www.aipolicy.africa/bills-and-laws"
    },
    {
     "name": "Data Protection Act (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Data Protection Act, 2019",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since 2019",
     "primary_source": "https://www.aipolicy.africa/bills-and-laws"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "malaysia",
   "name": "Malaysia",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Voluntary governance guidelines; no binding AI law",
   "penalties": "None for the guidelines. PDPA enforcement applies to data-protection breaches.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/malaysia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "National Guidelines on AI Governance and Ethics",
     "citation": "MOSTI, September 2024",
     "status": "No comprehensive law",
     "effective": "Published September 2024 (voluntary)",
     "primary_source": "https://www.pertamapartners.com/insights/ai-regulations-asia-pacific-guide"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "mexico",
   "name": "Mexico",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "No AI law; bills pending, data protection reform added ADM rights",
   "penalties": "Data protection sanctions through the reconstituted privacy authority. No AI-specific penalties.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/mexico.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Federal data protection law, ADM provisions (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "LFPDPPP, as revised",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force; ADM opt-out per latest revision",
     "primary_source": "https://connectontech.bakermckenzie.com/emerging-ai-regulations-in-latin-america-what-multinationals-need-to-know/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "new-zealand",
   "name": "New Zealand",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "No AI-specific law; existing technology-neutral statutes",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalties; enforcement runs through the Privacy Act and general statutes.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/new-zealand.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Privacy Act 2020 (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Privacy Act 2020",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since December 2020",
     "primary_source": "https://www.simpsongrierson.com/insights-news/legal-updates/ai-regulation-nz-walks-a-tightrope"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "nigeria",
   "name": "Nigeria",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Africa",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Binding framework in motion: risk-based bill with licensing for high-risk AI",
   "penalties": "NDPA sanctions apply now. The pending bill would add license-based enforcement for high-risk systems.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/nigeria.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "National Digital Economy and E-Governance Bill",
     "citation": "Pending before the National Assembly",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://iapp.org/news/a/nigeria-moves-toward-comprehensive-ai-regulation"
    },
    {
     "name": "Nigeria Data Protection Act (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "NDPA 2023",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://www.legal500.com/developments/thought-leadership/ai-regulation-and-policy-in-africa/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "peru",
   "name": "Peru",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Latin America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "First AI law in Latin America; promotional statute with risk-based regulation",
   "penalties": "Enforcement through existing consumer protection, competition, and data protection regimes coordinated under the regulation, rather than a standalone AI fine schedule.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/peru.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Law promoting the use of Artificial Intelligence",
     "citation": "Law No. 31814",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "July 5, 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/per/publication/approval-of-the-regulations-of-the-law-that-promotes-the-use-of-ai-in-peru",
     "effective_iso": "2023-07-05"
    },
    {
     "name": "Implementing Regulation of Law 31814",
     "citation": "Supreme decree, published September 9, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 2026 (90 business days after publication)",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/per/publication/approval-of-the-regulations-of-the-law-that-promotes-the-use-of-ai-in-peru"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "saudi-arabia",
   "name": "Saudi Arabia",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Middle East",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Centralized governance through SDAIA; principles and drafts, no AI act",
   "penalties": "PDPL sanctions for data violations; supervisory and procurement consequences for departing from SDAIA expectations. No AI-specific fine schedule yet.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/saudi-arabia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "SDAIA AI Ethics Principles",
     "citation": "SDAIA, September 2023",
     "status": "No comprehensive law",
     "effective": "Published September 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://www.bdemerson.com/article/ai-regulations-around-the-world"
    },
    {
     "name": "Personal Data Protection Law (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "PDPL and implementing regulations",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Enforcement phase since 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://cms-lawnow.com/en/ealerts/2026/01/middle-east-tmt-2025-in-review"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "singapore",
   "name": "Singapore",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Voluntary frameworks and testing tools; no binding AI law",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalties; enforcement is through the Personal Data Protection Act and sector regulators.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/singapore.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Model AI Governance Framework (incl. Generative AI)",
     "citation": "IMDA / PDPC",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Voluntary guidance",
     "primary_source": "https://www.imda.gov.sg/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "south-africa",
   "name": "South Africa",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Africa",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Draft national AI policy; POPIA binds, no AI legislation proposed yet",
   "penalties": "POPIA enforcement by the Information Regulator, including fines and, for some offenses, criminal liability.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/south-africa.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Protection of Personal Information Act (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "POPIA, Act 4 of 2013",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Fully effective July 2021",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/south-africa"
    },
    {
     "name": "Draft National AI Policy",
     "citation": "Department of Communications and Digital Technologies, 2026",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Draft, open for comment",
     "primary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_South_Africa_National_Artificial_Intelligence_(AI)_Policy_2026"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "south-korea",
   "name": "South Korea",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Comprehensive risk-based act with a light enforcement posture",
   "penalties": "Administrative fines up to KRW 30 million (about USD 21,000) for failures such as not disclosing AI use or not appointing a domestic representative. The act emphasizes post-market oversight over pre-market approval.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/south-korea.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI Basic Act",
     "citation": "Act on the Development of AI and Establishment of Trust (2024)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 22, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.law.go.kr/",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-22"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "switzerland",
   "name": "Switzerland",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Europe",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Deliberate counter-model to the EU: sectoral, with a treaty-implementation bill due",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalties. FADP and sectoral enforcement apply, and FINMA supervision reaches AI in financial services.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/switzerland.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Federal Council AI regulatory decision",
     "citation": "Federal Council decision, February 12, 2025",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Consultation draft due end of 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.admin.ch/gov/en/start/documentation/media-releases.msg-id-104110.html"
    },
    {
     "name": "Federal Act on Data Protection (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "FADP (revised)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Revised FADP in force since September 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/switzerland"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "taiwan",
   "name": "Taiwan",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Framework statute; principles in force, obligations to follow",
   "penalties": "None under the Basic Act itself. Enforcement will come through the sectoral statutes it directs regulators to adapt.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/taiwan.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Artificial Intelligence Basic Act",
     "citation": "Passed December 23, 2025; promulgated January 14, 2026",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 14, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.whitecase.com/insight-our-thinking/ai-watch-global-regulatory-tracker-taiwan",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-14"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "thailand",
   "name": "Thailand",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Draft AI law in development; data protection already applies",
   "penalties": "PDPA penalties apply now, including administrative fines. No AI-specific penalty regime yet.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/thailand.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Personal Data Protection Act (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "PDPA B.E. 2562 (2019)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Fully effective June 1, 2022",
     "primary_source": "https://www.pertamapartners.com/insights/ai-regulations-asia-pacific-guide",
     "effective_iso": "2022-06-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Draft AI law (royal decree instruments)",
     "citation": "In drafting",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://www.pertamapartners.com/insights/ai-regulations-asia-pacific-guide"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "turkey",
   "name": "Turkey",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Middle East",
   "status": "Proposed",
   "approach": "Draft AI framework pending; data protection and cybersecurity law bind now",
   "penalties": "KVKK administrative fines and cybersecurity sanctions apply. No AI-specific penalties yet.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/turkey.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Draft AI framework law",
     "citation": "Grand National Assembly, introduced 2024",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not yet in force",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/tuerkiye"
    },
    {
     "name": "Cybersecurity Law",
     "citation": "Law No. 7545",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "March 19, 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://cms-lawnow.com/en/ealerts/2026/01/middle-east-tmt-2025-in-review",
     "effective_iso": "2025-03-19"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "united-arab-emirates",
   "name": "UAE",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Middle East",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "Layered model: charters and strategy federally, binding rules in zones and finance",
   "penalties": "Regulatory enforcement by zone and sector: DIFC Commissioner action, central bank supervisory measures, and PDPL sanctions, rather than a single AI fine schedule.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/united-arab-emirates.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "DIFC Regulation 10",
     "citation": "DIFC data protection regulations, Regulation 10",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Fully enforced January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.modulos.ai/middle-east-ai-regulations/",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Federal Personal Data Protection Law",
     "citation": "Federal Decree-Law No. 45/2021",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since January 2022",
     "primary_source": "https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/ai-regulation-scanner/united-arab-emirates"
    },
    {
     "name": "CBUAE AI/ML Guidance Note",
     "citation": "Central Bank of the UAE, February 11, 2026",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Issued February 11, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.modulos.ai/middle-east-ai-regulations/",
     "effective_iso": "2026-02-11"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "united-kingdom",
   "name": "United Kingdom",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Europe",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "Sectoral, principles-based; no horizontal AI act by design",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific penalty regime. Enforcement flows through each regulator's existing powers, for example data-protection fines up to the higher of GBP 17.5 million or 4% of global turnover.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/united-kingdom.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI regulation: a pro-innovation approach (white paper)",
     "citation": "Command Paper 815 (March 2023); government response Feb 2024",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Policy framework, non-statutory",
     "primary_source": "https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-regulation-a-pro-innovation-approach"
    },
    {
     "name": "Blueprint for AI regulation and the AI Growth Lab",
     "citation": "DSIT, published October 21, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Consultation closed Jan 2, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-for-science-innovation-and-technology"
    },
    {
     "name": "Data (Use and Access) Act 2025 (DUAA)",
     "citation": "DUAA 2025",
     "status": "Phasing in",
     "effective": "Most provisions from Feb 5, 2026; complaints route from June 19, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2025/18",
     "effective_iso": "2026-06-19"
    },
    {
     "name": "Artificial Intelligence (Regulation) Bill",
     "citation": "Private Member's Bill (Lord Holmes), reintroduced March 4, 2025",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not enacted",
     "primary_source": "https://bills.parliament.uk/"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "united-states-federal",
   "name": "United States",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "No comprehensive law",
   "approach": "No comprehensive law; deregulatory posture and state preemption push",
   "penalties": "No AI-specific federal penalties. Exposure runs through the FTC Act, sector regulators, and civil-rights and consumer-protection statutes. 'AI washing' (overstating what a system does) is an active FTC enforcement theme.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/united-states-federal.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Executive Order 14179, Removing Barriers to American Leadership in AI",
     "citation": "EO 14179 (Jan 23, 2025)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Jan 23, 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.federalregister.gov/presidential-documents/executive-orders"
    },
    {
     "name": "America's AI Action Plan",
     "citation": "Released July 23, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "July 23, 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/",
     "effective_iso": "2025-07-23"
    },
    {
     "name": "Executive Order 14365, Ensuring a National Policy Framework for AI",
     "citation": "EO 14365, 90 Fed. Reg. 58499 (Dec 11, 2025)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Dec 11, 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.whitehouse.gov/presidential-actions/2025/12/eliminating-state-law-obstruction-of-national-artificial-intelligence-policy/"
    },
    {
     "name": "NIST AI Risk Management Framework",
     "citation": "NIST AI 100-1; Generative AI Profile NIST-AI-600-1",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Voluntary; widely referenced",
     "primary_source": "https://www.nist.gov/itl/ai-risk-management-framework"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "vietnam",
   "name": "Vietnam",
   "level": "country",
   "region": "Asia-Pacific",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Comprehensive, risk-based AI law with extraterritorial reach",
   "penalties": "Administrative enforcement through the Ministry of Science and Technology, including registration refusal and orders against non-compliant systems. Pre-existing systems had 12 months from the effective date to comply.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/vietnam.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Law on Artificial Intelligence",
     "citation": "Enacted December 10, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "March 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://iapp.org/news/a/vietnam-s-first-standalone-ai-law-an-overview-of-key-provisions-future-implications",
     "effective_iso": "2026-03-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Law on Digital Technology Industry",
     "citation": "Law No. 71/2025/QH15",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://regulations.ai/regulations/RAI-VN-NA-DIGTEIN-2025",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "slug": "california",
   "name": "California",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "Sector-specific statutes; frontier transparency and content labeling",
   "penalties": "Vary by statute. The AI Transparency Act carries per-day civil penalties for noncompliance; the frontier act is enforced by the Attorney General.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/california.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Transparency in Frontier Artificial Intelligence Act (TFAIA)",
     "citation": "SB 53 (2025); Chapter 138, Cal. Stat. 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB53",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Generative AI Training Data Transparency",
     "citation": "AB 2013 (2024)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240AB2013",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "California AI Transparency Act",
     "citation": "SB 942 (2024), amended by AB 853 (2025)",
     "status": "Phasing in",
     "effective": "August 2, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202320240SB942",
     "effective_iso": "2026-08-02"
    },
    {
     "name": "Companion Chatbot Safeguards",
     "citation": "SB 243 (2025)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billTextClient.xhtml?bill_id=202520260SB243",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2026-01-01",
   "focus": "Frontier model transparency, training-data disclosure, chatbot safety"
  },
  {
   "slug": "colorado",
   "name": "Colorado",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Repealed / replaced",
   "approach": "Repealed comprehensive act; replaced with a narrower ADMT law",
   "penalties": "Up to $20,000 per violation; Attorney General enforcement; no private right of action.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/colorado.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Colorado Artificial Intelligence Act (original)",
     "citation": "SB 24-205 (2024)",
     "status": "Repealed / replaced",
     "effective": "Repealed before taking effect",
     "primary_source": "https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/sb24-205"
    },
    {
     "name": "Colorado ADMT Act (replacement)",
     "citation": "SB 26-189 (signed May 14, 2026)",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "January 1, 2027",
     "primary_source": "https://leg.colorado.gov/",
     "effective_iso": "2027-01-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2027-01-01",
   "focus": "Automated decision technology; consumer rights"
  },
  {
   "slug": "connecticut",
   "name": "Connecticut",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "Framework bill stalled repeatedly; narrower 2026 measures enacted",
   "penalties": "Enforcement through the Attorney General and the CTDPA's mechanisms for the enacted measures.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/connecticut.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI framework bill (SB 2 lineage; SB 5 in 2026)",
     "citation": "Connecticut General Assembly",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "Not enacted",
     "primary_source": "https://stackcyber.com/posts/ai-state-laws"
    },
    {
     "name": "2026 targeted measures (including AI dynamic-pricing limits)",
     "citation": "Connecticut 2026 session",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "2026 session enactments",
     "primary_source": "https://www.techpolicy.press/where-state-ai-legislation-stands-half-way-into-2026/"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "",
   "focus": "Dynamic-pricing limits enacted; comprehensive framework still pending"
  },
  {
   "slug": "illinois",
   "name": "Illinois",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Employment anti-discrimination plus longstanding biometric privacy",
   "penalties": "BIPA allows statutory damages per violation through a private right of action; Human Rights Act violations are enforced by the Illinois Department of Human Rights.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/illinois.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "AI in employment (Human Rights Act amendment)",
     "citation": "HB 3773; Public Act 103-0804",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA)",
     "citation": "740 ILCS 14",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "In force since 2008",
     "primary_source": "https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3004"
    },
    {
     "name": "Artificial Intelligence Safety Measures Act (AISMA)",
     "citation": "SB 315, signed July 6, 2026",
     "status": "Phasing in",
     "effective": "January 1, 2027; audit and framework duties January 1, 2028",
     "primary_source": "https://www.skadden.com/insights/publications/2026/07/illinois-enacts-ai-safety-law-becoming-first-state",
     "effective_iso": "2027-01-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2026-01-01",
   "focus": "AI in hiring; BIPA biometric privacy; frontier safety law with mandatory audits (2027)"
  },
  {
   "slug": "montana",
   "name": "Montana",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "The deregulatory outlier: a statutory right to compute",
   "penalties": "Not a penalty statute; it is a shield that invalidates overreaching restrictions.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/montana.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Right to Compute Act",
     "citation": "Montana SB 212 (2025)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.yahoo.com/news/lawmakers-look-build-artificial-intelligence-195330150.html"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2025-10-01",
   "focus": "Statutory right to own and use compute, including for AI"
  },
  {
   "slug": "new-york",
   "name": "New York",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "Frontier transparency law plus NYC hiring bias-audit rule",
   "penalties": "Local Law 144 carries civil penalties per violation; the state frontier law is enforced by the Attorney General.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/new-york.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "New York frontier AI transparency law",
     "citation": "A6453 (2025-2026 session)",
     "status": "Proposed",
     "effective": "January 1, 2027",
     "primary_source": "https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation",
     "effective_iso": "2027-01-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "NYC Local Law 144 (automated employment decision tools)",
     "citation": "NYC Local Law 144 of 2021",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Enforced from July 5, 2023",
     "primary_source": "https://www.nyc.gov/site/dca/about/automated-employment-decision-tools.page",
     "effective_iso": "2023-07-05"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2027-01-01",
   "focus": "Frontier model transparency; NYC hiring bias audit in force"
  },
  {
   "slug": "tennessee",
   "name": "Tennessee",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Voice and likeness protection plus AI mental-health limits",
   "penalties": "Class A misdemeanor plus civil liability under the ELVIS Act; private suits under SB 1580.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/tennessee.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "ELVIS Act (Ensuring Likeness Voice and Image Security)",
     "citation": "Tenn. Code Ann. tit. 47 (amended)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "July 1, 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELVIS_Act",
     "effective_iso": "2024-07-01"
    },
    {
     "name": "SB 1580: AI and mental-health marketing",
     "citation": "Tennessee SB 1580 (2026)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "July 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://stackcyber.com/posts/ai-state-laws",
     "effective_iso": "2026-07-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2024-07-01",
   "focus": "AI voice and likeness cloning; AI mental-health marketing (Jul 2026)"
  },
  {
   "slug": "texas",
   "name": "Texas",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Intent-based statute with a NIST safe harbor",
   "penalties": "Curable violations $10,000 to $12,000; uncurable violations $80,000 to $200,000; $2,000 to $40,000 per day for continuing violations. Attorney General enforcement only; no private right of action.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/texas.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Texas Responsible Artificial Intelligence Governance Act (TRAIGA)",
     "citation": "HB 149 (89th Leg.); signed June 22, 2025",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "January 1, 2026",
     "primary_source": "https://capitol.texas.gov/BillLookup/History.aspx?LegSess=89R&Bill=HB149",
     "effective_iso": "2026-01-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2026-01-01",
   "focus": "Intent-based ban on harmful uses; government AI rules"
  },
  {
   "slug": "utah",
   "name": "Utah",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "In force",
   "approach": "Early disclosure law plus a regulatory sandbox",
   "penalties": "Administrative fines and enforcement by the Utah Division of Consumer Protection.",
   "reviewed": "July 15, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/utah.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "Utah Artificial Intelligence Policy Act",
     "citation": "SB 149 (2024)",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "May 1, 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://le.utah.gov/~2024/bills/static/SB0149.html",
     "effective_iso": "2024-05-01"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2024-05-01",
   "focus": "Generative AI disclosure; regulatory sandbox"
  },
  {
   "slug": "virginia",
   "name": "Virginia",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Lapsed / failed",
   "approach": "The veto case study: comprehensive bill passed, then blocked",
   "penalties": "None AI-specific; VCDPA enforcement by the Attorney General.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/virginia.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "HB 2094: High-Risk AI Developer and Deployer Act",
     "citation": "Virginia HB 2094 (2025)",
     "status": "Lapsed / failed",
     "effective": "Vetoed 2025",
     "primary_source": "https://www.layer3labs.io/guides/state-ai-laws-by-state"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "",
   "focus": "Comprehensive bill vetoed 2025; chatbot bill moving in 2026"
  },
  {
   "slug": "washington",
   "name": "Washington",
   "level": "us-state",
   "region": "North America",
   "status": "Partially in force",
   "approach": "Targeted statutes: health data now, chatbots and provenance next",
   "penalties": "MHMD violations are enforceable by the Attorney General and through private suits under the Consumer Protection Act.",
   "reviewed": "July 16, 2026",
   "page": "https://artificialintelligenceregulations.com/jurisdictions/washington.html",
   "laws": [
    {
     "name": "My Health My Data Act (applied to AI)",
     "citation": "Wash. Rev. Code ch. 19.373",
     "status": "In force",
     "effective": "Phased from March 31, 2024",
     "primary_source": "https://www.layer3labs.io/guides/state-ai-laws-by-state",
     "effective_iso": "2024-03-31"
    },
    {
     "name": "HB 2225 (chatbots) and HB 1170 (provenance)",
     "citation": "Washington Legislature, 2026 session",
     "status": "Partially in force",
     "effective": "2026 session enactments",
     "primary_source": "https://www.troutmanprivacy.com/2026/03/proposed-state-ai-law-update-march-16-2026/"
    }
   ],
   "next_effective": "2024-03-31",
   "focus": "Health data and AI inferences; chatbot and provenance laws passed 2026"
  }
 ]
}