New York

New York combines a state frontier-model transparency law with New York City's first-in-the-nation bias-audit rule for hiring tools. The state law, adopted in December 2025, mirrors much of California's frontier framework and takes effect January 1, 2027. New York City's Local Law 144 has required bias audits of automated employment decision tools since 2023.

Key points

• New York's frontier AI transparency law was adopted in December 2025 and takes effect January 1, 2027.
• It mirrors California's SB 53 approach to large-model developers.
• NYC Local Law 144 has required independent bias audits of automated employment decision tools since July 2023.
• Employers using covered hiring tools must publish audit results and notify candidates.

Laws and instruments

Timeline

• July 5, 2023
  NYC Local Law 144 enforcement begins.
• Dec 2025
  State frontier transparency law adopted.
• Jan 1, 2027
  State frontier law takes effect.

Who it applies to

State law targets large frontier-model developers. Local Law 144 applies to employers and employment agencies using covered automated hiring tools in New York City.

Penalties

Local Law 144 carries civil penalties per violation; the state frontier law is enforced by the Attorney General.

Common questions